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CJC-1295 Chemical

REFERENCES · SOURCE LIST

CJC-1295: The Cited Literature

Every quantitative claim on this site traces to one of these sources. Peer-reviewed journals, structural biology, and analytical-chemistry identifications, with DOIs and PubMed links.

Back to the researchDAC vs no-DAC

How to Read This List

This is the full reference list for CJC-1295 as cited across the site. The human pharmacokinetic studies (Teichman 2006; Ionescu and Frohman 2006) carry the half-life and GH/IGF-1 figures; the rodent and biochemical work (Jette 2005; Alba 2006; the D-Ala2 study) establishes the chemistry and once-daily sufficiency; the structural biology (Zhou 2020) and analytical chemistry (Henninge 2010) characterize the receptor and confirm identity. Where a source carries a DOI or PubMed identifier, it is listed for verification.

Primary Human Data vs Supporting Literature

Two of these references do most of the quantitative work. The Teichman 2006 study is the source of the 5.8-8.1 day half-life, the 2- to 10-fold GH rise, and the up-to-28-day IGF-1 elevation [1]; the Ionescu and Frohman 2006 study is the source of the preserved-pulsatility finding and the roughly 7.5-fold basal GH and 45% mean-GH and IGF-1 figures [3]. When this site states a human number, it almost always traces to one of those two.

The remaining references are supporting and contextual. Jette 2005 supplies the rodent albumin-bioconjugate data [2]; Alba 2006 supplies the once-daily GHRH-knockout-mouse result [4]; Sackmann-Sala 2009 adds the serum-proteomic biomarkers [5]. The structural and analytical papers — the somatotroph adenylate-cyclase characterization [8], the D-Ala2 half-life study [9], the immunoaffinity-MS and LC-MS/MS identifications [6] [10], the GHRH-receptor cryo-EM [7] — and the 2025 reviews [11] [12] frame the mechanism and the molecule's identity without carrying the headline human PK figures themselves.

  1. Teichman SL, Neale A, Lawrence B, Gagnon C, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA. Prolonged stimulation of growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor I secretion by CJC-1295, a long-acting analog of GH-releasing hormone, in healthy adults. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(3):799-805. ↗
  2. Jette L, Leger R, Thibaudeau K, Benquet C, Robitaille M, Pellerin I, et al. Human growth hormone-releasing factor (hGRF)1-29-albumin bioconjugates activate the GRF receptor on the anterior pituitary in rats: identification of CJC-1295 as a long-lasting GRF analog. Endocrinology. 2005;146(7):3052-3058. ↗
  3. Ionescu M, Frohman LA. Pulsatile secretion of growth hormone (GH) persists during continuous stimulation by CJC-1295, a long-acting GH-releasing hormone analog. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2006;91(12):4792-4797. ↗
  4. Alba M, Fintini D, Sagazio A, Lawrence B, Castaigne JP, Frohman LA, Salvatori R. Once-daily administration of CJC-1295, a long-acting growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) analog, normalizes growth in the GHRH knockout mouse. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2006;291(6):E1290-E1294. ↗
  5. Sackmann-Sala L, Ding J, Frohman LA, Kopchick JJ. Activation of the GH/IGF-1 axis by CJC-1295, a long-acting GHRH analog, results in serum protein profile changes in normal adult subjects. Growth Horm IGF Res. 2009;19(6):471-477. ↗
  6. Henninge J, Pepaj M, Hullstein I, Hemmersbach P. Identification of CJC-1295, a growth-hormone-releasing peptide, in an unknown pharmaceutical preparation. Drug Test Anal. 2010;2(11-12):647-650. ↗
  7. Zhou F, Zhang H, Cong Z, et al. Structural basis for activation of the growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor. Nat Commun. 2020;11(1):5205. ↗
  8. Growth hormone-releasing factor-sensitive adenylate cyclase system of purified somatotrophs (characterization of GHRH-coupled adenylate cyclase). 1989. PMID 2562826. ↗
  9. Incorporation of D-Ala2 in growth hormone-releasing hormone-(1-29)-NH2 increases the half-life and potency (D-Ala2 GHRH analog study). 1994. PMID 7962295. ↗
  10. Qualitative identification of growth hormone-releasing hormones in human plasma by means of immunoaffinity purification and LC-MS. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2016. PMID 26879649. ↗
  11. Granata R, Leone S, Zhang X, Gesmundo I, et al. Growth hormone-releasing hormone and its analogues in health and disease. Nat Rev Endocrinol. 2025;21(3):180-195. ↗
  12. Growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor (GHRH-R) and its signaling (review). Rev Endocr Metab Disord. 2025. PMID 39934495. ↗
  13. (2026 peptide therapy safety review). Safety and efficacy of approved and unapproved peptide therapies for musculoskeletal conditions. Sports Med. 2026. ↗
  14. Renehan AG, Zwahlen M, Minder C, O'Dwyer ST, Shalet SM, Egger M. Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-I, IGF binding protein-3, and cancer risk: systematic review and meta-regression analysis. Lancet. 2004;363(9418):1346-1353. ↗
  15. (GH sodium-retention study). GH increases extracellular volume by stimulating sodium reabsorption in the distal nephron. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2002. ↗
  16. (GHRH analog pulsatility/insulin study). Effects of a growth hormone-releasing hormone analog on endogenous GH pulsatility and insulin sensitivity. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2011. ↗
  17. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Pharmacy Compounding Advisory Committee (PCAC) meeting - briefing document on growth hormone secretagogues (CJC-1295). FDA Advisory Committee Briefing Materials. 2024. ↗
  18. ConjuChem Inc. (trial sponsor). A study to evaluate CJC-1295 in HIV patients with visceral obesity. ClinicalTrials.gov. 2006. ↗
  19. Reference summary. Modified GRF (1-29) - chemical and pharmacological description. Encyclopedic reference. 2024. ↗
  20. World Anti-Doping Agency. The Prohibited List - Section S2: Peptide Hormones, Growth Factors, Related Substances and Mimetics. WADA International Standard. 2025. ↗